Chris
I suppose I could go the whole gamut of electrical theory and get into the different transformer systems...delta , Wye, bla bla bla
but I am absolutely stuffed with turkey and giblet gravy ... oh and the yams was yummy... so in the short of it.
you have in a residential service a single phase 120/240 volt system, that's typical across this country. (USA)
commercial either,four wire three phase 120/208 or 120/230 .... some commercial Industrial you'll get 277/480 or 120/208 with a high leg (there are others)
I did a large furniture factory plant that had four systems in Jupiter Fl. 120/240 120/208 120/230/ 277/480
but it's mostly 120/230 0r 120/208 four wire three phase - no high leg.
Chris Trott wrote: My apartments have 120v (vice the "normal" 110), the trunk lines in the mall that my parents' shop is in are 480v (which breaks down to 240v/120v instead of 220v/110v)
The 277/480 volt stuff in the rents mall doesn't break down to anything.. lights are 277 and the motors in the lifts among other things use the 480
the low voltage stuff in the rents store is from a different power source and comes into the building all the way to the lights and receptacles it energizes in the stores.
However, there are sometimes transformers used to energize equipment from 480 to 230 or whatever
but getting back to the regular stuff in your house .. it's 120/240 single phase
the reason people say 110/220 is because it's what they see on a lot of the appliances they buy. You see the engineers know there is going to be
a voltage drop through the length of wire on a branch circuit. anything more than a 20% drop will starve the equipment.
rest assured you should have 120/240 as a source voltage at the service. But here is the thing you see, you don't know what you truly have at the
point where the resistor is across the potential unless you meter there when the appliance is on. That's when you'll see the voltage drop.
please consult a qualified electrician if you are having a lot of brown outs , You may have a bad grounded conductor (the neutral or common) connection somewhere in
the service. 120 volt is unbalanced and is dependent on the grounded conductor and much as the conductor. a bad grounded conductor at the point of service entry
or on the pole at the transformer or in the electrical panel can cause a swing and over volt one leg of the service while the other drops. this will be an equal amount.
.... and I isn't pulling
your leg....... also do not confuse the grounding conductor with the grounded conductor.

big difference
here is what a baddie looks like. Although I should say not all that cause problems look this bad. .... yet
here's a question for ya, why aren't the two commons at the red arrows burnt like the three at the top (I'm asking about the branch circuit commons.)